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4 its length under the track and railway right-of-way except at the ends of the casing or conduit where the ends are left open. The casing shall be so installed as to prevent the formation of a waterway under the railway. Casing shall be installed with even bearing throughout its length and shall slope to one end. The inside diameter of the casing shall be at least 2 inches greater than the largest outside diameter of the carrier pipe, joints or couplings. 5. Seals Where the ends of the casing are below ground they shall be suitably protected against the entrance of foreign material, which might prevent ready removal of the carrier pipe. Where the ends of the casing are at or above ground surface and above high water level they may be left open, provided drainage is afforded in such a manner that leakage will be conducted away from the roadbed and structures. 6. D epth of Casing The top of the carrier pipe shall be below the frost line, and at its closest point shall not be less than feet below base of railway rail. On other portions of the railway right-of-way where the casing is not directly beneath any track the depth from the surface of the ground and from the bottom of ditches to the top of the casing, shall be not less than 3 feet. Where it is not practicable to secure the above depths, special construction shall be used. 7. Length Casing shall extend each side from the center line of the outside track, measured at right angles, a minimum distance of 11 feet + 5 feet + 1.5D (Where D equals the depth of the bottom of the casing below subgrade). See Fig. 119. If additional tracks are constructed in the future, the casing shall be correspondingly extended. 8. Shut-Off V alves Where warranted by special local conditions, and When mutually agreed to by the lailroad company and the owner of the pipe line, accessible emergency shut-off valves shall be installed within effective distance at each side of the crossing. 9. Approval o f P lans Plans for a proposed crossing shall be submitted to and approved by the chief engineer or authorized representative of the railway before installation is begi* and the execution of the work on the railway right-of-way, including the supporting of the track, shall be subject to his inspection and direction.