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Interview with Vernon Henry Jones, October 4, 2005

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2005-10-04

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Narrator affiliation: Electrical technician, Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier (EG&G)

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nts_000089

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OH-03067
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Jones, Vernon Henry. Interview, 2005 October 04. MS-00818. [Transcript]. Oral History Research Center, Special Collections and Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Las Vegas, Nevada. http://n2t.net/ark:/62930/d1q23rb6p

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2005-10-04

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Nevada Test Site Oral History Project University of Nevada, Las Vegas Interview with Vernon Jones October 4, 2005 Las Vegas, Nevada Interview Conducted By Mary Palevsky © 2007 by UNLV Libraries Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews conducted by an interviewer/ researcher with an interviewee/ narrator who possesses firsthand knowledge of historically significant events. The goal is to create an archive which adds relevant material to the existing historical record. Oral history recordings and transcripts are primary source material and do not represent the final, verified, or complete narrative of the events under discussion. Rather, oral history is a spoken remembrance or dialogue, reflecting the interviewee’s memories, points of view and personal opinions about events in response to the interviewer’s specific questions. Oral history interviews document each interviewee’s personal engagement with the history in question. They are unique records, reflecting the particular meaning the interviewee draws from her/ his individual life experience. Produced by: The Nevada Test Site Oral History Project Departments of History and Sociology University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154- 5020 Director and Editor Mary Palevsky Principal Investigators Robert Futrell, Dept. of Sociology Andrew Kirk, Dept. of History The material in the Nevada Test Site Oral History Project archive is based upon work supported by the U. S. Dept. of Energy under award number DEFG52- 03NV99203 and the U. S. Dept. of Education under award number P116Z040093. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in these recordings and transcripts are those of project participants— oral history interviewees and/ or oral history interviewers— and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U. S. Department of Energy or the U. S. Department of Education. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 1 Interview with Vernon Jones October 4, 2005 Conducted by Mary Palevsky Table of Contents Introduction: Birth, early life, military service, goes to work for EG& G at NTS. 1 Describes work for EG& G in field photo. 4 Memories of above- ground testing at NTS. 6 Discusses work at the NTS, marriage, carpooling to NTS, Mercury in the 1950s, pre- shot and post- shot work. 7 Explains how cameras operate during a shot and how film is recovered after a shot. 11 Security and confidentiality on the job. 14 Testing in the Pacific: Operations Redwing, Hardtack I. 16 Testing at NTS: Operations Hardtack II and Project 56 . 20 Recounts work on Project Rover and reactor accident. 23 Sets up repair trailer in News Nob area for making cables, including those for BREN tower, and cable diagrams for the forward area. 28 Detailed description of electrical work and his care and attention to detail 32 Works in timing and firing system for underground testing. 38 Relates participation in Smoky. 41 Describes photography of ground rise for underground ( tunnel) shots. 43 Recalls experiences on Priscilla. 47 Talks about field- camera setup for Operation Cue ( atmospheric test). 49 Conclusion: Describes work on vacuum systems in underground testing. 52 UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 1 Interview with Vernon Jones October 4, 2005 in Las Vegas, NV Conducted by Mary Palevsky [ 00: 00: 00] Begin Track 2, Disc 1. Mary Palevsky: So Mr. Jones, I want to thank you for speaking with me today, and if you could start out by giving me your full name, place of birth, date of birth, and a little bit of family background and how you ended up working at the [ Nevada] test site in the fifties. Vernon Jones: My name is Vernon H. Jones. At the present I’m turning seventy- five. I was born in Toledo, Ohio in 1930; November 4, 1930. My dad was a sign painter at that time, and of course going back that far, you’re probably not interested. I went to high school, at Glen Burney, Maryland. From there I went into the [ U. S.] Air Force. I spent four years in the Air Force, stationed at Kirtland Air Force Base [ New Mexico] in the final years. The way I came about getting the job with EG& G [ Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier] that I have, is that a recruiter came to the base there looking for employees, people to hire. He was a person from EG& G, and a number of the people there, well, they accepted the job with EG& G. I got in on that [ at a later date as I missed making contact with him], so I wound up going from the service to work at EG& G. I’m going to stop you for a second, just because I’m curious about when you went in the Air Force; you would be pretty young to be there during World War II. What was the story there? Well, the draft was getting real close onto me and the guys in about the nineteen/ twenty- year range, their name was getting ready to come up real quick, so rather than get drafted and get stuck in something I didn’t like, I joined the Air Force. And what year was that? UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 2 Nineteen- fifty I joined. December of 1950. I wound up stationed at Kirtland Air Force Base. I recall then that Kirtland at that time was sending aircraft out to the islands for the air drops that they had out there. Well anyway, so I put my time in there. Toward the end of the enlistment, a person from EG& G was there at the base looking for people to hire to work at the test site. Well, I missed making contact with him but wound up with EG& G anyway. Now what was the particular skill that you think that you had that made you someone EG& G wanted to recruit? I worked in Electronics Division, radar maintenance, ground crew, and apparently EG& G was after people that worked in instrumentation categories, so they were there to see what they could get. I take it probably they knew there was going to be a whole crowd that was going to get out [ in December 1954 and January 1955] about the end of our four- year term because we overloaded the system, as so many of us had enlisted four years earlier. So there was a lot of people getting out, and I think there was about eight or ten of the guys there at the base, then, that wound up going to EG& G. Now were you single at the time? Yes, I was single at the time. So they recruited you for this job at EG& G, and what happened next? Well I missed being recruited at that time; I took them up on it later. Actually, I lived in Baltimore at the time, as I went back home after I got out because I had applied but hadn’t heard from them yet that I had the job. I went home and I actually wound up being eligible to get a job at a GE [ General Electric] plant there, I told the guy, I says, I’m waiting to get the job at EG& G out in Las Vegas and they haven’t answered me yet and as soon as I get an answer on that, I’d probably be quitting. So he says, Well, send them a UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 3 telegram. They’ll answer that before anything else. So I sent EG& G a telegram that I had applied for a job there and I want to know if I got the one with you people or not. And they says, Come on out. You got it. So I called the GE place and told them, I says, Hey, I got the job out there, and they said OK. So I came straight out to 1622 South A Street and was interviewed by Herb [ Herbert] Grier and John Ennis and several others. I had the job confirmed right then and there. So that was here? Nineteen fifty- five, yes [ in January]. So it was nineteen fifty- five and you came to Las Vegas and Herb Grier and— John Ennis interviewed me. I can recall those two interviewing me. The first thing I did was help them modify some of the instrumentation chasses for the diagnostic people. That went on for maybe a month. At that time they were also putting together new photo station trailers, mobile units. There were six of them and I got in on putting those things together. That was the beginning of where I started out in EG& G, basically, in field photo. [ 00: 05: 00] So when they are interviewing you and when you’re being recruited, at what point do you understand that it’s for nuclear weapons testing? How does that work? I don’t remember. But you knew from World War II about the atomic bombs and all this? Some. Not much. To me it was a job and it paid better than anything else I could get back East. Well, I just took it. So I wound up doing what I did there and I’ve enjoyed it ever since. Now were you stationed for your job at the test site or here in town? Well, I lived here in town. There’s a number of us had a motel room and we were living together. So you didn’t live out at Mercury at that point? UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 4 No. When the project up there moved us out there, we kept our motel room in town and we were commuting every day to start with. But we did have a room out in Mercury at the same time, too, so during the work week we would stay at Mercury and then on the weekends we would come back to Vegas. So when you’re first going out to the test site, what are the kinds of things that you’re doing out there? Well, [ I] started out in field photo, finished putting the stations together. Then of course when the shots started to come along we had the vehicles moved out to their location onsite and started getting the cameras all set up and aimed and whatever it took to get the station ready for the shot. Now did you have particular photographic ability or was it mostly your engineering ability that they—? It was the engineering side. I didn’t know much about photography but that was only part of it. You had to put the station together and make it work, and I had no problem whatsoever since I had an electrical electronic background in the first place. It turned out that I didn’t know it at the time, but I had more electrical knowledge than everybody else in field photo put together out there. So I didn’t have any problem. I was the only one that was capable of repairing anything if it didn’t work. If something in the station didn’t work, I could generally say, There’s the problem right there, and fix it. I know some of the guys out there could spend half a day looking and they’d still never find the problem. A lot of camera film was lost because of some of the people did not know what they were doing. And it turned out, it was in, let’s see, 1957, the other individual and I, the set of stations that we worked— see they had two sets of stations, you’d alternate on the shots because there wasn’t always sufficient time between shots to get set up for the next one, so there were two sets. Anyway, so Clint Webb was the other person I was UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 5 working with that year. It turned out that particular year every single camera that we loaded with film, we got pictures. Every camera worked perfect all through that entire operation that year. We never lost a camera. That was in 1957. What operation was that? Let’s see, what was it? [ Operation] Teapot? No, let’s see, that was probably [ Operation] Plumbbob. Yes, I think ’ 57 was Plumbbob. Yes, [ Operation] Redwing was out in the islands, so that would’ve been Plumbbob. Correct. So we were real happy with that. And Clint, he was real good in the camera end of it because he was a photo bug. Well, actually the way the thing went, we were just people setting the stations up. We didn’t have to determine what camera lens or anything; that was already determined by Engineering. We were just out in the field setting cameras up and making sure they ran. Now the cameras are basically for the diagnostics at this point in time, is that correct? Yes, it’s a physical record of how the detonation took place; the cloud and which way the cloud went. Some of the cameras were real high- speed, two- to- three- thousand- frame- a- second jobs, and you could actually see how the fireball grew. Fireballs, the way I understand it, do not all grow symmetrical. They’re uneven, so cameras would indicate that. Now what was the first test that you saw and what were the circumstances of that? I couldn’t tell you a name on it. I have no memory. That’s too far back. Well then, let me put it in another way. What were your impressions when you first saw— what do you remember being impressed by when you saw these tests? [ 00: 10: 00] Well, the first one that I saw go, I believe, was up in Area 7. I was up at Station 372, which was a permanent photo station located behind the CP [ control point] up on top of a hill. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 6 And I can remember as the countdown came down on that, I was standing there just trembling all over, I was so scared. Or not necessarily scared, but I didn’t know what to expect. All I knew is it’s going to be something huge out there and I was just trembling. It went and, well, I survived that, and so after that it wasn’t quite as traumatic as seeing that first one go. What did it look like? Well, I’m not sure if we had goggles on at that time or not. We probably did. Just an extreme bright light comes on, which is what you don’t want to look at with the bare eye; you want to have special glasses on or you turn your back. You could feel the heat; even though we were probably seven, eight, nine, ten miles away, I forget the figure, from it, you could still feel the heat all over you from it. And from what I can remember, it was just before sunup they would shoot, because the photography was always pretty much the best at that time and the weather was generally the best they could get in that time frame. So I remember that you could feel the heat all over you and from what you could see out of the sides of your vision, that there were no shadows that light was so intense; there was no shadows from the sagebrush the backscatter from it is so great. So I liked that. That was interesting. Now that’s another question that sometimes lay people who don’t work in the field wonder. I certainly wonder. When you’re seeing an explosion like that and you’re involved in the work of it, do you ever make a connection with the actual destruction that it would cause in warfare or in real life, or are you more focused on the event in the moment? Yes, the event at the moment. You know you’re there to do a job and you hope everything works as planned; the success of it and watching it go and feeling that you’re part of it. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 7 So you’re with EG& G. Do you have at this point— well, this is Los Alamos tests early on. Do you have any interaction with the labs or are you pretty much focused in your job, doing your job with EG& G? Well, I never worried much about the lab part of it. Look, here’s the job I got to do and I do it. Anything else, forget it. This is my job and that’s what I’m going to concentrate on. Right. So ’ 55, your first test was probably, what were you saying, was it Teapot, you said? That’s in February of ’ 55. Yes, that’s when I went out to the site, so yes, it was Teapot. And if I can remember right, I believe it was in Area 7 or up in that general area. Yeah, this first test on Teapot says it was Area 7. OK, got that right. And then there’s [ Area] 3 and 9 and there are several more at Area 7. So I interrupted you a little bit before you could continue. So you’re out there setting up the instrumentation so that these photographs can— Yes. Now when a test was actually going to go, did you feel a change in the work rhythm? Did things get more intense? Were there ups and downs as far as the workload was concerned? Well, yes, because I knew what I was doing. I didn’t have any problem. Whatever was asked of me, I could do it, no problem. And actually, I don’t like to say it, but I spent more time doing nothing than working because I was able to go out there and get our stations set up, no problem. I had the electrical down so fine, I knew more about how the stations operated electrical than all the rest of the guys put together. So I never had a problem. If something didn’t work, I could go UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 8 right to it and find the spot— here it is, a wire is broken or a bad connection, etc. I never had a problem trouble- shooting. That’s so neat. So would people call you out, then, when they couldn’t diagnose something? Not very much because people got their pride and they don’t want to admit that they don’t know. That part would get into it. I noticed that quite often. They wouldn’t ask. So somewhere along the line here, you meet your wife. Am I too early for this or—? I knew her when I was stationed at Kirtland in Albuquerque; knew her for a [ 00: 15: 00] number of years there. After I got out of the service— I got out in December— we got married in July [ 1955]. So she came out here, then— Yes she was in Albuquerque. We got married in Albuquerque and then we came out to Las Vegas and we were renting an apartment at that time. Now did you drive out to the test site? Did you carpool? Carpool, there was some of that done. Some of the time you would drive on your own. There were no buses at that time. If it required overtime and you had to work late, of course it’s too late to drive in, so you’d stay the night. At that time the highway was known as the Widowmaker. You’ve heard that. The two- lane road followed the contour of the land. That’s what made it so bad. And you always had the speed demons out there, there was no speed limit. Now when I go visit the test site now, it’s pretty deserted, but there must’ve been a lot of activity going on. Oh, there was. I heard figures seven to nine thousand people or so were out there at times. Now this is my memory again I’m speaking of. Sure. But it was a place where there was a lot of activity going on. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 9 Oh, yes, a whole lot of activity. And what was Mercury like then? Well, the camp was probably not as big as it is now. I don’t remember that much about it. All I know is the mess hall had the turnstile you dropped a silver dollar in, I remember that. Other than that I couldn’t tell you much about it. There’s a whole lot of blank spots in memory when it goes back that far. Yes, that’s completely understandable. So tell me a little bit more about the different tests that you saw and some of the things that happened on then. Well, for the most part they were all very similar. We had our stations put in place and of course they were all surveyed in, which they had to do to get the valuable camera picture data that they needed. So every day, just about, we’d have a dry run, and we’d always be in the stations to watch the dry run to make sure all signals came in. Now at first, it would be just the signals coming in is all we’d watch to make sure all of them got there. Then later on we’d go through what they’d call the dry run deal where the cameras would all be loaded with film, just like a shot. Everything was set up just like the shot, and then they would go through the run and we’d recover the film and it would be taken in and they would process a piece of it to make sure that the camera was aimed properly and it was in focus. And what about after a shot? Did you have to do anything then? Did you go in and recover the cameras? No. After the shot, as soon as RADSAFE [ Radiological Safety] would declare the area sufficiently safe, we would go in and recover the film only. That was always done as quickly as possible because radiation damages the film. And did you have to wear special gear for that? UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 10 Yes, we always put on the overall coveralls and we wore the booties and they’re all taped on. We wore respirators sometimes. It depended on how much radiation. Some shots were considered rather dirty and left a whole lot more radiation than others, so there was factors that determined how much we’d wear, I know we wore the respirators on some of them, and sometimes they would tell us go this way, it’s too hot that way. So yes, we’d go in and we’d get the film and it was always like get in and get out as fast as you can. And of course when you’d get back, sometimes we would be radiated with material to the point we’d have to take a shower, and you took it over again if you didn’t get enough of it off of you the first time. And they would decontaminate the vehicle. Some of the areas you’d have to go through would be quite warm yet. Of course, we always carried radiation monitoring gear with us. We carried most of the time that T1B instrument that you have here. That was our main deal to tell us immediately what radiation levels we were going in. And of course we had a film badge and [ 00: 20: 00] quite often a dosimeter that we would wear. So it was just all part of the game and everybody took it in stride. Right. Now physically what happened with the film? Because I have no idea. The cameras are there. You remove the cameras. How does that work? Cameras, no. We would remove the film only from all of them. Some of them, you just take the film reel out of them and we had regular film- carrying cases that we would put the film in. Some of them had film magazines on top of them. Some of them were quite large. Like the Fastax camera had a thousand- foot roll of 35- millimeter film on top of it. The Fastax, the name of the camera, it was a real high- speed camera, and it would go through that whole thousand feet of film in one and a half seconds. No way! Oh, yes! You should hear that camera when it ran. It was like, stand back! UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 11 In what sense? Noisy! The noise would scare you, hearing that thing wind up the way it did. That camera had a drive motor on the film feed and the take- up spool. That’s how fast that turkey went. So there was probably an average, I don���t know, six to eight cameras in each station. Some were small; some were there for just cloud cover, to see which way the cloud went after the shot. Of course they were real slow- speed cameras. And the others, we had the Mitchell that generally ran at a hundred frames per second. I don’t know offhand what they were really after, but it was one of the cameras, and various other ones in there. We had some high- speed Eastman cameras, slow- speed Triads, and others, I don’t recall their names. You may have said, but how many stations, approximately, would there be looking at any particular shot? Well, most of the time we had just three mobile stations [ and the permanent Station 372] looking at the shot. Sometimes they would request another station in another area, so we’d set up a Brock house. It usually was about an eight- by- eight [ foot] wooden building they’d put it in place, and quite often, then we’d have to put the stands in for the cameras. We’d use drill press stands with the tilt tables on them to set cameras on [ along with all other necessary equipment]. So we’d put all that in the station and cut holes in the wall for the cameras to look through. It was not unusual to have a Brock house entered as another station. And of course Station 372, which is up behind the CP, ran on every shot. That was a manned station. And that’s generally where we would go to watch the shot when it was taking place. It was up high on top of a hill, so we could easily see ground zero. Of course most of the spectators would stand down around the back door of the CP, looking out over the desert, watching the shot. But since we were part of that photo station up there, quite often that’s where most of us would go to watch it. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 12 Interesting. So you’d go in and recover all this material and you’d put it in this— Well, every magazine or roll of film, we had something to carry it in. We would put it back in the same container to keep it clean. It had handles on it and all this, it would make it easier to handle, and we’d take it all back to the CP. Now this is really a layperson’s question. Are they worried as you bring it from the station to the CP about any of the radiation that’s around? I mean are they lead- lined, or that would be very heavy, I presume. [ The only radiation we had to worry about was in the shot area itself.] I couldn’t tell you how those lead cases were made. I don’t think so offhand. But we’d just take them back to our home base there at the CP and turn them over to them. Then they’d do what they did with them. And let me tell you, now this may be classified, what I’m going to tell you. If it is, you can take it out, do whatever. That film was carried, at times, in the back of a personal vehicle to Las Vegas and turned in to the EG& G photo people there. I know, because I drove my car one day with all the shot film in it to town. Just like that. There would be no security involved. We’d just load it in the vehicle and take it to town. Most of the time, it would be an AEC [ Atomic Energy Commission] vehicle, but sometimes a person’s individual vehicle, if they were going to go home after the shot, weren’t needed or whatever, that car took the film into town. I don’t know if you want that on tape or not. Well, I don’t think it’s a classified issue per se. We’ll see. That’s interesting, though, because it shows you that people are trying to get things done the most efficient way possible sometimes. Yes, and to get the film into town as soon as possible, that was done. Like I say, I know for sure because I took it in one day. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 13 And you take it over to the EG& G building or—? At the time that I took it in, I believe it was the Charleston building by the railroad tracks where the film was taken. [ 00: 25: 00] Then we’d have to find out from someone who worked there where it went from there, I guess, or do you know? I have no clue. We put it there, and when I think about it now is we never got to see, at least I didn’t, never got see any of the record that was on any of that film. We were never shown it. Now other people may have, but I was never shown any of it. And we used to ask questions about that, when can we see it? Never got an answer. Well, I imagine that stuff was classified at that point, and I don’t know. That’s interesting. So you’re seeing the shot, you’re recording the shot, but you never get to see the film. That’s what it was amounting to. Now I got a feeling some of the guys, if they were in the right place and knew the right people, you probably saw some of it. But at least in the position that I was in and where I was, I never did. Interesting. Well, that gives me a really nice, detailed overview of what that job involved. Were there any other details of it that you think would be interesting for people to know about that particular job? Well, the other thing is, at that time the safe radiation working level was 15 mR [ milliroentgen] with no protective clothing. You could go in and out and do your thing. But to go in on a recovery, you always dressed up with whatever they required for that shot. It depended on how much radiation the device scattered and where it went and the direction. Just about every time we’d shoot, we’d always shoot when the wind was blowing toward St. George [ Utah]. That was the standard direction. If ever it was blowing toward Las Vegas, forget it. It was always going to UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 14 the east. So generally from ground zero the radiation pattern would always go toward St. George because that’s the way the wind would be carrying it. And sometimes to recovery, the way the roads were and the location of the shot, you had to go through the area of where the radiation path was the heaviest. Other times, you could go around the other side and there’d be very little. Am I telling you anything interesting? Well, you sure are. It’s really interesting and I don’t have anyone that has worked in this position before, so it’s really interesting. Now you’ve been cleared, obviously. People often talk about what the situation was with the family and the wife. What was the sense, do you think, that your wife had of what you were doing? I don’t remember. I have no memory of how she looked at it. But you obviously couldn’t talk about work with her, I guess. Well, pretty much no. It’s just to me, the job I was doing, it was best not to say anything to anybody. So it turns out, a lot of the wives, they didn’t know much of what was going on. It’s just a standard thing you learn. Hey, this is security and keep your mouth shut. And what I was surprised about is I never had anyone approach me and ask me questions about the test site. And at times I was expecting that people would see you get off the bus or something in later years and want to know, hey, what are you guys doing out there? I was never approached once. Do you have any idea of why that was? No, I never could figure that out. The only thing that we could determine is the other side had so many people scattered all over Las Vegas at that time in every category that they already knew. “ The other side” meaning? UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 15 Well, other countries, Russia and other countries involved. We figured they probably pretty well knew what was going on anyway, so they didn’t have to ask us. Oh, that’s interesting. At least that was what I came up with and what a lot of the other guys figured out. Because you know, every shot was announced in one way or another for the people in town to know that it’s going to go. And our radio communications, for the most part, there was no security on that radio. Of course the transmit signal and the receive signal were two different signals, so you had to have equipment to pick up what the transmitter sends out, and what the— what am I trying to say? It took two radios. I understand. You know what I’m trying to say— to get both sides of a conversation. People would say stuff on the net that at times you figured they shouldn’t be saying that, but nobody ever seemed to complain. So the radios were not very secure, to my knowledge. [ 00: 30: 00] But you took the security issues real seriously, then. Yes. I didn’t say anything that I felt that I shouldn’t say on the radio. I just didn’t say it. As far as I know, the phone lines may not have even been very secure. I don’t know. In those days I don’t know. I don’t know how that worked. Because I heard people talking on the phone saying things that I really didn’t think they ought to be saying it, but they were doing it all the time. These are phones within the test site, though. Yes, phones within the test site [ and calling off- site]. So were you ever in the Pacific on testing? Yes, I was out there. UNLV Nevada Test Site Oral History Project 16 Why don’t you tell me a little bit about that? Well, it was interesting. It was different. I don’t have much memory on a whole lot of that. Do you remember which tests, which series it was that you were out there on? Well, I started out on the Bikini Atoll in ’ 56, so I spent all my time there and I know a little bit about the stations I worked in, but that’s about it. [ I was there for one test only.] Similar kind of work. Very similar. [ Though there were no mobile stations out there.] Just that we’re out in the islands now and transportation was kind of slow at times. Let’s see, we rode helicopters a lot of the times for getting around up there because the islands, the coral around them was such that you couldn’t really get a boat in safely at any time of the day, so helicopters were used a lot. So that was Redwing that you were there on? That would be Redwing. Then in ’ 58 I was on the Enewetak Atoll. In 1960 I was out there for the PMR [ Pacific Missile Range] tests. Let’s start with Redwing. What can you tell me about Redwing? What was happening with those tests? It seems like it was a big series. I really couldn’t tell you much in detail. I can remember I was out there and we’d evacuate the island during detonation time and come back and basically that’s about all I can recall [ at this time]. Did you see those explosions? [ The first one only.] We were on board ship out there. We evacuated on the USS Ainsworth [ USNS Fred C. Ainsworth ( AP- 181)] and I turned in a picture of that